Class 10 Social Science Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe (History) PYQ

Class: X Subject: Social Science Session: 2025-26 Book: History Type: PYQ (Board Exam) Board: CBSE Chapter 1 : The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

SECTION A : Multiple Choice Questions (1 Mark Each)

Q1. Who among the following was the architect for the unification of Germany? [CBSE 2022] [1]
(a) Otto von Bismarck
(b) Count Camillo de Cavour
(c) Giuseppe Mazzini
(d) Giuseppe Garibaldi Ans:
(a) Otto von Bismarck - Chief Minister of Prussia who used "Blood and Iron" policy to unify Germany through three wars over seven years. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Q2. Which type of governments were mainly driven in Europe after the defeat of Napoleon in 1815? [CBSE 2021/2022] [1]
(a) Conservative
(b) Liberal
(c) Federal
(d) Feudal Ans:
(a) Conservative. The Congress of Vienna (1815) restored monarchical and aristocratic rule, suppressing revolutionary ideas. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Q3. In which year did Frederic Sorrieu prepare a series of four prints visualising his dream of democratic and social republics? [CBSE 2020] [1]
(a) 1845
(b) 1848
(c) 1871
(d) 1815 Ans:
(b) 1848. Sorrieu, a French artist, visualised people of Europe and America marching together offering homage to the Statue of Liberty. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Q4. Who remarked "When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold"? [CBSE 2020] [1]
(a) Garibaldi
(b) Bismarck
(c) Metternich
(d) Mazzini Ans:
(c) Metternich - the Austrian Chancellor, highlighting France's influence on European political events. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Q5. Assertion
(a) : The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the Balkans. Reason (R): A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. [CBSE 2024] [1]
(a) Both
(a) and (R) are true and (R) correctly explains
(a)
(b) Both true but (R) does not correctly explain
(a)
(c)
(a) is true but (R) is false
(d)
(a) is false but (R) is true Ans:
(a) Both are true and (R) correctly explains
(a) . The disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made the Balkans explosive.

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Q6. Which of the following correctly describes "Absolutist"? [CBSE 2023] [1]
(a) Monarchical Government
(b) Democratic Government
(c) Socialist Government
(d) Federal Government Ans:
(a) Monarchical Government - A form where the ruler has absolute, unchecked power. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Q7. Identify the correct characteristics of Cavour: I. Italian statesman II. Spoke French better than Italian III. Tactful diplomat IV. Belonged to Royal family [CBSE 2022] [1]
(a) Only I and II
(b) Only I, II, and III
(c) Only II, III, and IV
(d) Only I, II, and IV Ans:
(b) Only I, II, and III are correct. Cavour did not belong to a Royal family. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Q8. What was the main aim of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815? [CBSE 2021] [1]
(a) To undo changes brought by Napoleon
(b) To promote nationalism
(c) To establish democracy in Europe
(d) To divide the Ottoman Empire Ans:
(a) To undo changes brought by Napoleon and restore monarchies overthrown during the revolutionary period. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Q9. What was the "Zollverein"? [CBSE 2020] [1]
(a) A customs union formed by Prussian states
(b) A political alliance of German states
(c) A military treaty among European powers
(d) A revolutionary secret society Ans:
(a) A customs union formed in 1834 by Prussia. It abolished tariff barriers and reduced currencies from over thirty to just two. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Q10. Who was proclaimed German Emperor at Versailles in January 1871? [CBSE 2020] [1]
(a) Otto von Bismarck
(b) Kaiser William I
(c) Friedrich Wilhelm IV
(d) Kaiser William II Ans:
(b) Kaiser William I of Prussia was proclaimed German Emperor at the Hall of Mirrors, Palace of Versailles. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

SECTION B : Short Answer Questions (3 Marks Each)

Q11. "Ideas of national unity in early 19th century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism." Explain. [CBSE 2023] [3] • Meaning: "Liberalism" from Latin "liber" (free). Stood for freedom of individuals and equality before law. • Political: Liberals demanded constitutional, representative government through Parliament, ending autocracy and clerical privileges. • Economic: Freedom of markets and abolition of state-imposed restrictions on goods and capital. Zollverein (1834) is a key example.

• Nationalism Link: Educated middle class combined liberal ideas with national unity - free constitution and united nation-state were inseparable goals. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Q12. "Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation in Europe." Support with examples. [CBSE 2023] [3] • Romanticism: Romantic artists criticised glorification of reason/science, focused on emotions and intuition to develop nationalist sentiment. • Folk Culture: Johann Gottfried Herder claimed true spirit of nation was in folk songs, poetry and dances - building national consciousness. • Language: Emphasis on vernacular language and local folklore carried the nationalist message to large, mostly illiterate audiences.

• Music: Karol Kurpinski celebrated Poland's national struggle through operas and music, turning them into symbols of resistance. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Q13. Explain any three ways by which nationalist feelings were kept alive in Poland despite foreign rule. [CBSE 2022] [3] • Language as Resistance: Polish language became a symbol of resistance against Russian dominance. Priests used Polish for church services even after Russian was imposed. • Music & Culture: Karol Kurpinski's operas celebrated the national struggle. Folk dances like Polonaise and Mazurka became national symbols. • Armed Rebellion (1831): An armed revolt against Russian rule took place. Though crushed, nationalism survived through cultural expressions.

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Q14. Describe any three economic hardships faced by Europe in the 1830s. [CBSE 2021] [3] • Population Explosion: Enormous population increase meant more job seekers than jobs. Rural people migrated to cities, living in overcrowded slums. • Competition: Small producers faced stiff competition from cheap machine-made goods imported from England, leading to widespread unemployment. • Food Crisis: Bad harvests led to rising food prices, causing widespread pauperism in towns and countryside. Peasants struggled under feudal dues.

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Q15. Explain the three beliefs of conservatism that emerged after 1815. [CBSE 2022] [3] • Preserve Traditions: Traditional institutions (monarchy, Church, aristocratic privileges) must be preserved. • Modernisation Accepted: Changes by Napoleon (modern army, efficient bureaucracy, abolition of feudalism) could strengthen traditional institutions. • Suppress Dissent: Conservatives did not tolerate criticism. Censorship laws controlled the press and suppressed ideas of liberty. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

SECTION C : Long Answer Questions (5 Marks Each)

Q16. Analyse the process of German unification. [CBSE 2024] [5] Ans: The unification of Germany was achieved as follows: • Liberal Attempts: Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle-class Germans who tried to unite the German Confederation into a nation-state with an elected parliament. • Frankfurt Parliament (1848): The liberal movement was repressed by the monarchy, military and Junkers (large landowners). The Frankfurt Parliament failed. • Bismarck's Policy: Prussia took leadership. Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck followed "Blood and Iron" policy using the Prussian Army and bureaucracy.

• Three Wars: Over seven years - against Denmark (1864), Austria (1866), and France (1870-71) - all ending in Prussian victory. • Empire Declared: On 18 January 1871, Prussian King William I was proclaimed German Emperor at the Palace of Versailles. The new state modernised currency, banking and legal systems. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Q17. Analyse the process of Italian unification. [CBSE 2024] [5] Ans: Italy was unified after numerous struggles: • Fragmentation: Italy was divided into seven states. Only Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house. Others under foreign rulers. • Mazzini's Role: In 1830, Giuseppe Mazzini founded "Young Italy" and attempted revolutionary uprisings for a unified Italian Republic, but failed. • Cavour's Diplomacy: Chief Minister Cavour of Sardinia-Piedmont formed an alliance with France and defeated Austrian forces in 1859.

• Garibaldi's Campaign: Giuseppe Garibaldi led armed volunteers into South Italy and Kingdom of Two Sicilies (1860), defeating Spanish rulers with peasant support. • Unification: Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed King of united Italy in 1861. Complete unification achieved in 1870 when Rome was annexed from Papal control. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Q18. How did the Greek War of Independence mobilise nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe? [CBSE 2023] [5] Ans: The Greek War of Independence (1821-1832) had a profound impact: • Background: Greece had been under the Ottoman Empire since the 15th century. Revolutionary nationalism sparked a struggle for independence beginning in 1821. • Support from Exile: Greek nationalists received support from Greeks living in exile and many sympathetic West European countries. • Cultural Sympathy: Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilisation. Lord Byron organised funds and went to fight, dying of fever in 1824.

• Treaty of Constantinople (1832): Greece recognised as independent nation. Russia, England and France guaranteed its independence. • Impact: The Greek struggle became a symbol of national self-determination and inspired nationalist movements across Europe. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Q19. Describe the major outcomes of the French Revolution of 1789. [CBSE 2021] [5] Ans: The French Revolution had several major outcomes: • Transfer of Sovereignty: Power transferred from King Louis XVI to French citizens. Sovereignty now belonged to the people. • Collective Identity: New French flag (tricolour) introduced, new hymns composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated to create shared identity. • National Assembly: Estates General renamed National Assembly. Centralised system with uniform laws for all citizens established.

• Abolition of Privileges: Internal customs duties and feudal dues abolished. Uniform weights and measures adopted. French promoted as common language. • Spread of Ideas: Liberty, equality, fraternity spread to other European countries through French armies, inspiring nationalist movements across Europe. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Q20. Explain how the Balkans became the most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871. [CBSE 2024] [5] Ans: The Balkans emerged as a major flashpoint: • Ethnic Diversity: The Balkans comprised Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, etc. Inhabitants broadly known as Slavs. • Ottoman Disintegration: A large part was under the Ottoman Empire. As it weakened, subject nationalities broke away one by one, declaring independence. • Claims on Nationality: Balkan peoples based independence claims on nationality, using history to prove they had been independent before being subjugated.

• Inter-State Rivalry: Balkan states were fiercely jealous of each other, each hoping to gain territory at others' expense. • Great Power Competition: European powers (Russia, Germany, England, Austria-Hungary) competed for influence over trade, colonies and military might, eventually leading to World War I. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ --- End of Chapter 1 PYQ ---